b'ies, enabling longer submerged operationsdemonstratingpartment of Transportations (DOT) Hazardous Materials the systems reliability and power potential. For passengerRegulations also apply for sea, air, rail, and road transport. vessels, the appeal is equally clear: lighter battery systemsAdditional guidance from the global CINS initiative pro-mean more payload or range, and longer cycle life translatesvidesbest-practiceprotocolsforcontainerpacking,fire into lower maintenance over the vessels service life. response, and crew training.SAFETY, RISK, AND THE RULEBOOK BEST PRACTICES FOR SAFEHowever, while lithium-ion brings efficiency, it also carriesAND PRACTICAL OPERATIONSrisk; thermal runaway being one of the most serious. UnderProperimplementationoflithium-ionsystemsinvolves conditions of abusemechanical damage, electrical faults,technical design, operational protocols, and training. Ma-oroverheatingcellscanigniteandsustaindestructiverine-grade solutions offer corrosion resistance, durability, chainreactionsthatareexceptionallydifficulttoextin- and faster charging, all tailored for steps in vessel electri-guish in a ships confined spaces. fication. Internally, modern systems rely on battery man-agement systems (BMS) to monitor voltage, temperature, To manage these risks, maritime operators must navigateand state of charge, which is critical aboard vessels where a web of stringent regulations. The IMDG Code governsmaintenance access may be limited.the safe transport of dangerous goods by sea, including lithium-ionbatteries.Meanwhile,compliancewithUNBeyond hardware, crew training is essential. Fire suppres-38.3involvesrigoroustestingtoensurecellswithstandsion systems must be capable of handling battery-specific extreme conditions during transport. In the U.S., the De- incidents, and crew must be able to detect early signs of DIFFERENT BATTERY CHEMISTRIESAGM LTO LFP NA+ NMC Li-SEnergy Density35 70 130 160 190 350(wH/kg)Number 500 20,000 3,000 4,000 2,000 600of CyclesC-rate 1C 30C 2C 1C 1.6C 3CCost per$277 $2,500 $800 $4,000 $800 N/AkWhLow Low Medium Highenergy energyenergyImproving, energyVery high density, density, density,sustainable,density,energy high longfasthigh cycleexpensive medium density, low term cost charging,count cycle count cycle countlong-life23 SEPTEMBER 2025'